General Principles --
Part 1 Introduction: constitutional themes and structures --
1 1.1 What is Constitutional Law? --
1.2 Written and Unwritten Constitutions --
1.3 Conventions, Non-Legal Mechanisms --
1.4 The Legal and the Political Constitution --
1.5 Definitions of a Constitution --
1.6 Types of Constitution --
1.7 Public and Private Law --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

2 Underlying political values: liberalism --
2.1 Introduction --
2.2 Varieties of Liberalism --
2.2.1 Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): The Impersonal State and Individualism --
2.2.2 John Locke (1632-1704): Individual Rights and Majority Government --
2.2.3 David Hume (1711-76), Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), John Stuart M (1806-73): Utilitarianism and Welfare Liberalism --
2.2.4 Robert Nozick (1938-2002): 'Libertarian' Liberalism --
2.2.5 Fredrich Hayek (1899-1992): Economic Liberalism --
2.2.6 Isaiah Berlin (1907-97): Positive and Negative Freedom2.2.7 Liberal Pluralism: Group Liberalism --
2.3 Republicanism --
2.4 Equality --
2.5 Democracy --
1.5.1 Representative Democracy --
2.5.2 Participatory Democracy --
2.5.3 Market Democracy Political Parties --
2.5.4 Parliamentary and Presidential Systems
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

3 The sources of the constitution --
3.1 Introduction --
3.2 Statute Law --
3.3 The Common Law --
3.4 Constitutional Conventions --
3.4.1 Definitions and Binding Force --
3.4.2 Law and Convention --
3.4.3 The Purposes of Conventions --
3.4.4 Why Conventions Are Obeyed --
3.4.5 Codification of Conventions --
3.5 Constitutional Silence and Abeyance --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

4 Historical outline --
4.1 Introduction --
4.2 The Medieval Period --
4.3 The Tudor Period --
4.4 The Seventeenth Century Revolution --
4.5 The Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: The Parliamentary System --
4.6 The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Democracy and the Central State --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

5 An overview of the main institutions of the UK constitution --
5.1 Introduction: The Dignified and Efficient Constitution --
5.2 Legislature and Executive --
5.2.1 The legal Level --
5.2.2 The Level of Conventions --
5.2.3 Political Practice --
5.3 The Judicial Branch --
5.3.1 The Appointment and Dismissal of Judges --
5.3.2 Tribunals --
5.3.3 Inquiries --
5.4 'Ad Hoc Bodies' --
5.5 Local Government --
5.6 The Police --
5.7 The Privy Council --
5.8 The Church of England --
5.9 Standards in Government --
5.9.1 Ombudsmen --
5.10 Constitutional Reform: Not Seriously On The Agenda --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

6 The territory and regions of the UK --
6.1 Introduction: The Notion of the State --
6.2 Citizenship --
6.3 Federalism --
6.4 Devolution --
6.4.1 Scotland --
6.4.2 Northern Ireland --
6.4.3 Wales --
6.4.4 England --
6.5 The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man --
6.6 Overseas Territories --
6.7 International Treaties --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

7 The rule of law --
7.1 Introduction --
7.2 Historical Background --
7.3 Different Versions of the Rule of Law --
7.4 The Core Rule of Law --
7.4.1 The Rule of Law and Freedom --
7.4.2 Dicey's Version of the Rule of Law --
7.5 The 'Amplified' Rule of Law --
7.6 The Extended (Liberal) Rule of Law --
7.7 The International Rule of Law --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

8 The separation of powers --
8.1 Introduction: Montesquieu's Doctrine of the Separation of Powers --
8.2 The Mixed Constitution --
8.3 Other Kinds of Separation --
8.4 Judicial Independence --
8.5 The Separation of Powers in the UK --
8.6 Separation of Function --
8.6.1 Parliament and the Executive: Delegated Legislation --
8.6.2 Parliament and the Courts --
8.6.3 The Executive and the Courts --
8.7 Separation of Personnel --
8.7.1 The Lord Chancellor --
8.8 Checks and Balances --
8.8.1The Executive and the Legislature --
8.8.2 The Executive and the Courts: Judicial Appointments and Dismissals --
8.8.3 Removal of Judges --
8.8.4 Judicial Review --
8.8.5 Parliament and the Courts --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

9 Parliamentary supremacy --
9.1 Introduction --
9.2 The Meaning of Parliamentary Supremacy --
9.3 The Three Facets of Parliamentary Supremacy --
9.4 Challenging Parliamentary Supremacy --
9.4.1 Grants of Independence --
9.4.2 Acts of Union: Was Parliament Bom Unfree? --
9.4.3 Redefinition Theory --
9.4.4 European Community Law --
9.4.5 The Common Law --
9.5 Parliamentary Supremacy and the Rule of Law --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

10 The European Union --
10.1 Introduction: The Nature of the European Union --
10.2 Institutions
10.2.1 The Council of Ministers --
10.2.2 The European Council --
10.2.3 The European Commission --
10.2.4 The European Parliament --
10.2.5 The European Court of Justice --
10.3 Community Law and National Law --
10.3.1 Direct Applicability and Direct Effect --
10.3.2 Indirect Effect --
10.3.3 State Liability --
10.3.4 Effective Remedies --
10.4 Democracy and the European Union --
10.5 Federalism and the European Union --
10.6 The Lisbon Treaty --
Summary --
Exercises -
Further reading --
Government Institutions --

11 Parliament: constitutional position --
11.1Introduction --
11.2 The House of Lords --
11.3 The Meeting of Parliament --
11.4 The Functions of the House of Commons --
11.5 The Functions of the House of Lords --
11.6 The Parliament Acts --
11.7 Parliamentary Privilege --
11.7.1 Contempt of Parliament --
11.7.2 'Exclusive Cognisance' --
11.7.3 Freedom of Speech --
11.7.4 Publication of Parliamentary Business --
11.8 Standards in the Commons --
11.9 Standards in the House of Lords --
11.10 The Courts and Parliament --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

12 The composition of Parliament and parliamentary elections --
12.1 Introduction --
12.2 The House of Lords --
12.3 Reform of the House of Lords --
12.4 Membership of the House of Commons --
12.5 The Electoral System --
12.5.1 The Purpose of Elections --
12.5.2 The Electoral Commission --
12.5.3 General Elections and By-elections --
12.5.4 Candidates --
12.6 Eligibility to Vote --
12.7 The Voting System --
12.7.1 Other Voting Systems: the Devolved Goverments --
12.8 The Constituencies --
12.9 Voting Procedures --
12.10 Election Campaigns --
12.10.1 Campaign Expenses --
12.10.2 Broadcasting and the Press --
12.10.3 Election Disputes --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

13 Parliamentary procedure --
13.1 Introduction --
13.2The Speaker of the Commons --
13.3 Legislative Procedure --
13.3.1 Public Bills --
13.3.2 Private Bills --
13.4 Government Control over Procedure: Cutting Short Debate --
13.5 Financial Procedure --
13.5.1 Taxation Procedure --
13.5.2 Supply Procedure mbA --
13.6 Supervision of the Executive --
13.6.1 Questions --
13.6.2 Debates --
13.6.3 Select Committees --
13.6.4 Supervising Expenditure --
13.6.5 Scrutiny of Delegated Legislation --
13.7 Redress of Grievances --
13.8 The Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration --
13.9 House of Lords Procedure --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

14 The Crown --
14.1 Introduction: The Nature of the Crown --
14.2 Succession to the Monarchy --
14.3 Financing the Monarchy --
14.4 The Personal Powers of the Monarch --
14.5 Crown Immunities --
14.6 The Royal Prerogative --
14.6.1 Modem Prerogative Powers --
14.6.2 Two Kinds of Prerogative Power? --
14.6.3 Polical Control over the Prerogative --
14.6.4 Judicial Control --
14.6.5 Prerogative and Statute --
14.6.6 Prerogative and Human Rights --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

15 Ministers and departments --
15.1 Introduction --
15.2 The Powers of the Prime Minister --
15.3 The Cabinet --
15.4 Ministers --
15.5 Government Departments --
15.5.1 The Treasury --
15.6 The Law Officers --
15.7 Ministerial Responsibility --
15.7.1 Collective Responsibility --
15.7.2 Individual Responsibility --
15.7.3 Resignation --
15.8 Civil Servants --
15.8.1 Legal Status of a Civil Servant --
15.8.2 Appointments --
15.8.3 Discipline --
15.8.4 Special Advisers --
15.8.5 Civil Servants and Ministerial Responsibility --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
Administrative Law --

16 The grounds of judicial review, I: Illegality and ultra vires --
16.1 Introduction: The Constitutional Basis of Judicial Review --
16.2 Appeal and Review --
16.3 Nullity: Void and Voidable Decisions --
16.4 Classification of the Grounds of Review --
16.5 legality: 'Narrow' Ultra Vires --
16.6 legality: Errors of Law and Fact --
16.6.1 Errors and the ECHR --
16.7 'Wide' Ultra Vires: Improper Purposes and Irrelevant Considerations --
16.8 Fettering Discretion --
16.9 Legitimate Expectations --
16.9.1 Reliance --
16.9.2 Consequences --
16.10 Duty and Discretion --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

17 The grounds of judicial review, II: Beyond ultra vires --
17.1 Irrationality/Unreasonableness --
17.1.1 Proportionality --
17.2 Procedural Impropriety: Statutory Procedural Requirements --
17.3 Procedural Impropriety: The Right to a Fair Hearing --
17.4 Procedural Impropriety: Bias --
17.4.1 Financial interests --
17.4.2 Parties to the case --
17.4.3 Other personal connections --
17.5 Procedural Impropriety: Reasons for Decisions --
17.6 Natural Justice and the European Convention on Human Rights --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

18 Judicial review remedies --
18.1 Introduction --
18.2 The Range of Remedies --
18.3 The Judicial Review Procedure --
18.4 Standing (Locus Standi) --
18.5 Choice of Procedure: Public and Private Law --
18.5.1 Public Law Matters: Scope of the Judicial Review Procedure --
18.5.2 Exclusivity --
18.6 The Exclusion of Judicial Review --
18.6.1 Justiciability --
18.6.2 Statutory Exclusion of Review --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
Human Rights --

19 Human rights and civil liberties --
19.1 Introduction: The Bill of Rights Debate --
19.2 The Common Law --
19.3 The European Convention on Human Rights --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

20 The Human Rights Act 1998 --
20.1 General Scope of the Act --
20.1.1 Extraterritorial Application --
20.2 The Interpretative Obligation --
20.3 Declaration of Incompatibility --
20.4 Remedies 20.5 Public Authorities --
20.6 Horizontal Effect --
20.7 Overriding Protected Rights --
20.7.1 Proportionality --
20.7.2 Margin of Discretion --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

21 Freedom of expression and assembly --
21.1 Introduction: Justifications for Freedom of Expression --
21.2 The Legal Status of Freedom of Expression --
21.3 Press Freedom and Censorship --
21.4 The Free Flow of Information --
21.5 Press Freedom and Reputation: Defamation --
21.5.1 Public Bodies --
21.5.2 Damages --
21.5.3 Responsible Journalism --
21.6 Press Freedom and Privacy --
21.7 Hate Speech' --
21.7.1 Racism and Sexual orientation --
21.7.2 Religion --
21.7.3 Political Protest --
21.8 Demonstrations and Meetings --
21.8.1 Police Powers --
21.8.2 Public Order Offences --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --

22 Exceptional powers: security, state secrecy and emergencies --
22.1 Introduction: Security and the Courts --
22.2 Access to Information --
22.2.1 The Freedom of Information Act 2000 --
22.2.2 Other Statutory Rights to Information --
22.3 Disclosure of Government Information --
22.3.1 The Official Secrets Act 1989: Criminal Law --
22.3.2 Civil Liability: Breach of Confidence --
22.3.3 Public Interest Immunity --
22.3.4 Special Advocates --
22.4 The Security and Inteligence Services --
22.5 Surveillance --
22.6 Emergency Powers --
22.7 Anti-terrorism Measures --
22.7.1 Definition of Terrorism --
22.7.2 Proscription --
22.7.3 Arrest and Pre-charge Detention --
22.7.4 Stop and Search --
22.7.5 Control Orders --
22.7.6 Terrorist Assets --
22.7.7 Other Terrorist Offences and Powers --
Summary --
Exercises --
Further reading --
Index.