Chapter 1 Introduction --
Chapter 2 Objectives --
Chapter 3 Review of literature --
3.1 Nephrotoxicity --
3.2 Nephrotoxicity induced by anthraquinone --
3.3 Mechanisms of nephrotoxicity --
3.4 The mouse grimace scale --
3.5 General background of Damnacanthal --
Chapter 4 Materias and methods --
4.1 Experimental outline --
4.2 Preliminary experiment --
4.3 Animal experiment --
4.4 Blood chemistry evaluation --
4.5 Gastrointestinal hemorrhage investigation --
4.6 Urinalysis evaluation --
4.7 Histopathology examination --
4.8 Immunohistochemistry examination --
4.9 Quantitative area percentage --
4.10 Statistical analysis --
Chapter 5 Results --
5.1 Monitoring of DAM20 and Veh treated nude mice during the study --
5.2 Ultrasonic renal examination for physiology assessment --
5.3 Urinalysis of DAM20 and Veh treated nude mice --
5.4 Hematology and Blood chemistry evaluation of DAM20 and Veh treated nude mice --
5.5 Histopathology examination of mice treated with high doses of damnacanthal --
5.6 Histopathology examination of mice treated with repeated doses of DAM20 --
5.7 Assessment of apoptosis and infiltrated macrophage subtype by immunohistochemistry in renal tissue of mice treated with damnacanthal --
Chapter 6 Discussion --
Chapter 7 Conclusion.